Accessories
Additional items for training and transport; some are regulated separately.
Direct link to this termKNOWLEDGE · A–Z
The glossary.
Clearly explained.
500 terms covering shooting, firearms, long range, tactics, military topics and hunting. Every entry includes a definition, deeper explanation, example and related terms. Search directly or select a topic.
500explained termsA–Z
Explore by topic or A–Z
Accuracy
Agreement of impact location with the intended target point, distinct from tight grouping.
Direct link to this termAcquisition
Legal transfer of a firearm, whether or not a purchase price is paid.
Direct link to this termAerodynamic jump
Brief angular change in a projectile's path caused by changing aerodynamic conditions such as crosswind.
Direct link to this termAfter action review (AAR)
Structured assessment of an exercise or activity against objectives, observations and opportunities for improvement.
Direct link to this termAir density
Air mass per unit volume, influencing a projectile's aerodynamic drag.
Direct link to this termAir force
Service or organisational branch responsible for military air-domain tasks.
Direct link to this termAK-47
Well-known Kalashnikov rifle design; originals, conversions and civilian variants require distinct technical and legal assessment.
Direct link to this termAmmunition
Collective term for cartridges and other products designed for firearms.
Direct link to this termAmmunition lot number
Production-batch identifier used to trace ammunition.
Direct link to this termAperture sight
Sight with a small opening used to align the eye.
Direct link to this termAR-10
ArmaLite rifle platform and designation for related designs; technical characteristics depend on the specific model.
Direct link to this termAR-15
Firearm platform with numerous civilian and military relatives; AR means ArmaLite Rifle, not Automatic Rifle.
Direct link to this termArmoured forces
Military branch whose principal equipment includes armoured fighting vehicles.
Direct link to this termArtillery
Military branch employing heavy guns and other designated fire-support systems.
Direct link to this termAzimuth
Horizontal bearing angle referenced to a defined north direction.
Direct link to this termBackstop
Protected part of a range designed to receive projectiles.
Direct link to this termBackstrap
Rear grip surface; interchangeable versions adapt the grip to the hand.
Direct link to this termBackup iron sights (BUIS)
Secondary mechanical sights used when the primary sight is unavailable.
Direct link to this termBallistic calculator
Software model estimating a trajectory from firearm, ammunition and environmental data.
Direct link to this termBallistic coefficient (BC)
Value describing projectile drag relative to a specified reference model.
Direct link to this termBallistics
Study of the movement and effects of a projectile.
Direct link to this termBarrel
Tubular part through which a projectile leaves the firearm.
Direct link to this termBarrel contour
External shape and distribution of thickness along a barrel.
Direct link to this termBarrel length
Length of the barrel, with measurement conventions depending on technical or legal context.
Direct link to this termBarrel shroud
Cover surrounding the barrel whose purpose depends on the design.
Direct link to this termBattalion
Military formation usually comprising several companies or equivalent units.
Direct link to this termBelted case
Cartridge case with a raised belt immediately ahead of the head area.
Direct link to this termBenchrest
Precision discipline fired from a shooting bench using permitted rests.
Direct link to this termBinoculars
Two-eyed optical observation instrument providing a magnified view.
Direct link to this termBiodiversity
Diversity of species, genetic characteristics and habitats.
Direct link to this termBiotope
Distinguishable habitat with characteristic environmental conditions.
Direct link to this termBipod
Two-legged support for a compatible firearm.
Direct link to this termBirthing season
Period when certain game species give birth to their young.
Direct link to this termBlank cartridge
Cartridge without a conventional projectile; escaping gases and components remain hazardous.
Direct link to this termBlowback action
Unlocked action whose breech movement is controlled by mass and spring forces.
Direct link to this termBlue gun
Common term for an inert, often colour-coded firearm-shaped training replica.
Direct link to this termBoat tail
Tapered rear section of a bullet that affects its aerodynamic behaviour.
Direct link to this termBolt carrier
Assembly that moves the bolt and coordinates its operation with other parts.
Direct link to this termBolt catch
Mechanism holding the bolt in an open position.
Direct link to this termBolt handle
Side handle on the bolt of many manually operated rifles.
Direct link to this termBolt head
Front bolt section containing the bolt face and, where fitted, locking elements.
Direct link to this termBolt or action
Mechanical assembly that, among other things, closes the chamber.
Direct link to this termBore
Interior passage of a barrel through which the projectile moves.
Direct link to this termBore axis
Imaginary longitudinal axis through the centre of the barrel.
Direct link to this termBore obstruction
Foreign object or blockage in the bore; the firearm must not continue to be used in that condition.
Direct link to this termBox magazine
Box-shaped magazine holding one or more rows of cartridges.
Direct link to this termBreak-action firearm
Firearm whose barrel or barrel assembly hinges open to access the action.
Direct link to this termBreech face
Breech surface supporting the cartridge base when the action is closed.
Direct link to this termBreechloader
Firearm loaded through an opening at the rear of the barrel.
Direct link to this termBriefing
Pre-activity discussion explaining objectives, roles, process and key constraints.
Direct link to this termBrigade
Larger military formation capable of commanding several battalions or equivalent elements.
Direct link to this termBuffer
Component influencing and cushioning movement of an action assembly.
Direct link to this termBullet drop
Downward projectile displacement relative to a defined reference line.
Direct link to this termBullet trap
Structure designed to safely stop projectiles.
Direct link to this termBullpup
Configuration placing the action and chamber behind the trigger.
Direct link to this termButtplate
Plate or pad at the rear end of a stock.
Direct link to this termButtstock
Rear stock section used to shoulder a long firearm.
Direct link to this termC.I.P.
International organisation coordinating firearm proof and ammunition-testing rules and recognition of associated marks.
Direct link to this termCalibre
Designation relating to the dimensions of a firearm or compatible ammunition.
Direct link to this termCall sign
Agreed identifier of a person, station or unit within a communications network.
Direct link to this termCamouflage
Reduction of detectability through adaptation to the surroundings.
Direct link to this termCantonal exemption permit
Swiss authorisation for statutory exceptions concerning otherwise prohibited firearms or accessories.
Direct link to this termCantonal firearms office
Competent cantonal office for firearms law information and permits.
Direct link to this termCarbine
Designation for a relatively short rifle configuration, with meaning depending on period and model.
Direct link to this termCareer service member
Person serving in the military as a permanent career.
Direct link to this termCartridge
Complete ammunition unit suitable for a particular firearm.
Direct link to this termCartridge case
Container for the propellant and primer of a cartridge.
Direct link to this termCase head
Rear part of a cartridge case bearing markings and, where applicable, the primer.
Direct link to this termCase neck
Narrow forward section of a bottleneck case that holds the bullet.
Direct link to this termCase shoulder
Transition between the case body and neck of a bottleneck cartridge case.
Direct link to this termCavalry
Historically mounted troops; the term also denotes certain modern reconnaissance or armoured units.
Direct link to this termCentre-fire cartridge
Cartridge with a primer located at the centre of the case base.
Direct link to this termChain of command
Established sequence of command responsibilities and reporting relationships.
Direct link to this termChamber
Shaped area of the barrel or action that accommodates a cartridge.
Direct link to this termChamber flag
Visible aid indicating an open chamber; it does not replace required condition checks.
Direct link to this termChamber pressure
Pressure of combustion gases within the firearm during firing.
Direct link to this termCharging handle
Control used to manually cycle or cock a firearm mechanism.
Direct link to this termChecklist
Ordered list supporting completion of important checks or tasks.
Direct link to this termCheekpiece
Stock surface supporting the cheek, sometimes adjustable in height.
Direct link to this termChoke
Constriction near a shotgun muzzle influencing the shot pattern.
Direct link to this termChronograph
Instrument measuring projectile velocity.
Direct link to this termCivilian
Person with civilian protection status under armed-conflict law; classification follows legal criteria.
Direct link to this termClay target
Breakable airborne target used in regulated shotgun disciplines.
Direct link to this termClean bore
Barrel condition after cleaning; its initial point of impact may differ from later shots.
Direct link to this termClick value
Angular change represented by one detent of a sight adjustment.
Direct link to this termClosed-loop communication
Communication using feedback to verify shared understanding of a message.
Direct link to this termClosed hunting season
Period during which specified wildlife species generally may not be hunted.
Direct link to this termCognitive load
Demand placed on limited mental processing capacity by a task.
Direct link to this termCold bore
Refers to the first shot from a barrel not yet warmed by the current firing session.
Direct link to this termCombatant
International-law status of certain armed-forces members, subject to legally defined conditions.
Direct link to this termCombat simulation
Training system representing military situations without the actual effects of combat.
Direct link to this termCommanding officer
Person commanding a military unit, formation or establishment.
Direct link to this termCommissioned officer
Member of a military rank group carrying associated leadership and professional responsibilities.
Direct link to this termCompany
Military unit normally comprising several platoons.
Direct link to this termCompass
Navigation instrument determining a reference direction, commonly using Earth's magnetic field.
Direct link to this termConcealment
Obstructs observation but does not automatically provide protection from projectiles.
Direct link to this termCondition
Description of whether a firearm is loaded, unloaded or secured.
Direct link to this termConfirmation bias
Tendency to give greater weight to information supporting an existing belief.
Direct link to this termConflict management
Structured handling of opposing interests or escalating disputes.
Direct link to this termContingency plan
Prepared plan for an alternative development or specific incident.
Direct link to this termContour line
Map line connecting points at the same terrain elevation.
Direct link to this termCoordination
Alignment of people and activities to prevent conflicts and misunderstandings.
Direct link to this termCoriolis effect
Effect of Earth's rotation on motion measured in an Earth-fixed frame, relevant at extended ranges.
Direct link to this termCorps
Large military formation or an organisation-specific collective designation for a professional branch.
Direct link to this termCourse of action
Possible approach to achieving an objective under the prevailing conditions.
Direct link to this termCourse of fire
Specified sequence of tasks with defined rules, shot counts and scoring.
Direct link to this termCover
Protection provided by a suitable barrier, with effectiveness depending on material and hazard.
Direct link to this termCO₂ gun
Device using compressed gas to propel a projectile; its legal classification depends on the case.
Direct link to this termCQB
Close Quarters Battle, a broad term for military or law-enforcement activity in confined spaces.
Direct link to this termCQC
Close Quarters Combat, a broad context-dependent term for confrontations at close range.
Direct link to this termCylinder
Rotating cartridge holder of a revolver.
Direct link to this termData book
Shooting record used to document conditions, settings, impacts and observations.
Direct link to this termDe-escalation
Actions intended to reduce tension and the potential for conflict.
Direct link to this termDebriefing
Structured review of observations intended to improve learning.
Direct link to this termDecision-making
Selection of an action based on objectives, information and constraints.
Direct link to this termDensity altitude
Altitude in a standard atmosphere having the same air density as the conditions being considered.
Direct link to this termDesignated marksman
Military role providing additional precision-shooting capability within a regular unit.
Direct link to this termDioptre adjustment
Eyepiece adjustment matching reticle focus to the user's eye.
Direct link to this termDivision
Large military formation often containing several brigades or regiments.
Direct link to this termDoctrine
Fundamental organisational guidance on understanding and employing its capabilities.
Direct link to this termDOPE
Common term for recorded ballistic performance data for a particular firearm and ammunition combination.
Direct link to this termDouble action (DA)
Trigger principle in which operation both cocks and releases the ignition mechanism.
Direct link to this termDouble action only (DAO)
Trigger system without a separately usable single-action mode; details depend on design.
Direct link to this termDouble rifle
Hunting firearm with two rifled barrels, often arranged side by side.
Direct link to this termDrill
Repeatable exercise with a defined learning objective.
Direct link to this termDrilling
Combination hunting firearm with three barrels whose arrangement and calibres may vary.
Direct link to this termDriven hunt
Organised hunting method in which controlled movement through terrain causes game to move.
Direct link to this termDrum magazine
Magazine with a circular cartridge storage arrangement.
Direct link to this termDry practice
Practice without live ammunition using approved aids and a clearly separated training area.
Direct link to this termDummy cartridge
Inert cartridge without functioning ignition or propellant, used for suitable training purposes.
Direct link to this termDynamic stability
Describes whether a projectile's angular oscillations decrease or increase during flight.
Direct link to this termEjection port
Opening in the receiver through which cases leave the action.
Direct link to this termEjector
Part that directs an extracted case out of the action.
Direct link to this termElectronic hearing protection
Hearing protection with electronic processing or transmission of ambient sound in addition to physical attenuation.
Direct link to this termElectronic scoring
System electronically detecting and displaying impact position.
Direct link to this termElevation turret
Scope control adjusting the reticle's vertical position.
Direct link to this termELR (Extreme Long Range)
Broad term for sporting shooting at exceptionally long distances, without a single worldwide distance threshold.
Direct link to this termEn-bloc clip
Cartridge holder inserted into certain actions together with the cartridges.
Direct link to this termEngineers
Troops performing engineering tasks such as infrastructure construction and mobility support.
Direct link to this termEntry requirement
Condition that must be met before joining a course.
Direct link to this termEquipment
Personal items suited to the course, facility and weather.
Direct link to this termEthical hunting practice
Hunting principle of responsible conduct towards wildlife, nature and other people within the law.
Direct link to this termExercise sequence
Defined order of steps in an exercise.
Direct link to this termExit pupil
Diameter of the light bundle leaving an optic's eyepiece.
Direct link to this termExternal ballistics
Describes projectile flight between the muzzle and impact.
Direct link to this termExtractor
Part that grips a cartridge case at its rim or extraction groove.
Direct link to this termExtreme spread (ES)
Difference between the highest and lowest values in a series; not a substitute for a full variation analysis.
Direct link to this termEye box
Range of eye positions within which an optic's complete sight picture remains visible.
Direct link to this termEye relief
Distance between the eye and eyepiece at which the intended field of view is visible.
Direct link to this termF-Class
Long-range sporting discipline using the prone position, optics and regulated supports.
Direct link to this termFeed lips
Upper magazine surfaces controlling cartridge presentation during feeding.
Direct link to this termFeed ramp
Guide surface that aligns a cartridge as it moves towards the chamber.
Direct link to this termField of view
Area of the surroundings visible through an optic at a given distance.
Direct link to this termFirearm
A weapon that uses a propellant to accelerate a projectile.
Direct link to this termFirearm acquisition permit
Cantonal document required to acquire firearms subject to a permit.
Direct link to this termFirearm case
Container for protected transport; legal requirements depend on the country concerned.
Direct link to this termFirearms law
Rules on acquiring, possessing and handling firearms.
Direct link to this termFirearms office
See cantonal firearms office: authority responsible for firearms law questions.
Direct link to this termFiring-pin safety
Mechanical block intended to prevent unintended forward firing-pin movement.
Direct link to this termFiring-pin spring
Spring that drives or returns the firing pin, depending on the design.
Direct link to this termFiring pin
Component that transfers the mechanical ignition impulse to the primer.
Direct link to this termFirst focal plane (FFP)
Reticle placement that scales with the target image, maintaining constant angular subtensions.
Direct link to this termFlash suppressor
Muzzle attachment intended to reduce visible muzzle flash; it is not a sound suppressor.
Direct link to this termFlintlock
Historical ignition mechanism producing sparks through contact between flint and steel.
Direct link to this termFocus
Deliberate attention to the task and safety environment.
Direct link to this termFolding stock
Stock that folds sideways or downwards.
Direct link to this termFollow-through
Maintaining a controlled shooting process beyond the moment of release.
Direct link to this termForce-on-force
Supervised scenario training using suitable simulation systems and dedicated safety arrangements.
Direct link to this termFore-end
Forward stock section beneath or around the barrel.
Direct link to this termFrame
Main handgun body supporting the grip and various operating components.
Direct link to this termFront sight
Front element of a mechanical sight.
Direct link to this termFull metal jacket (FMJ)
Bullet with a jacket around its core; exact coverage depends on construction.
Direct link to this termFully automatic firearm
Firearm capable of automatically firing multiple shots during a sustained trigger operation.
Direct link to this termG1 drag model
Ballistic reference model based on a particular projectile shape; G1 values are not directly comparable to G7 values.
Direct link to this termG7 drag model
Reference model using a long pointed boat-tail projectile, often applied to modern long-range bullets.
Direct link to this termGame-meat hygiene
Requirements and measures for hygienically safe handling of game meat.
Direct link to this termGame-tracking signs
Observable signs of game and its condition, such as hair, tracks or blood.
Direct link to this termGame blood
Hunting term for game-animal blood, particularly in connection with a trail.
Direct link to this termGame identification
Careful identification of species and relevant animal characteristics before a hunting decision.
Direct link to this termGame meat
Meat from huntable wildlife intended for human consumption.
Direct link to this termGame refuge
Shelter or resting area regularly used by game animals.
Direct link to this termGame track
Sequence of tracks left by a wild animal on the ground.
Direct link to this termGame trail
Route through terrain regularly used by game animals.
Direct link to this termGas-operated firearm
Self-loading system using part of the propellant gases to operate the mechanism.
Direct link to this termGas block
Component routing tapped gas into the operating system of a gas-operated firearm.
Direct link to this termGas piston
Moving component converting gas pressure into mechanical motion.
Direct link to this termGas tube
Tube carrying gas to the mechanism in certain self-loading systems.
Direct link to this termGrain
Mass unit used for bullets and other ammunition components; one grain is approximately 0.0648 grams.
Direct link to this termGrenadiers
Troop designation with differing historical and national meanings, associated with specialised Swiss formations.
Direct link to this termGrip
Part intended to be held when handling a firearm.
Direct link to this termGrip panel
Side panel forming part of the grip surface, often replaceable.
Direct link to this termGroup diameter
Distance between the widest-separated impacts in a group using a defined measurement method.
Direct link to this termGuardianship
Comprehensive guardianship can be a statutory obstacle to acquiring a firearm.
Direct link to this termGyroscopic stability
Resistance of a spinning projectile to tipping of its longitudinal axis.
Direct link to this termHammer
Pivoting part that acts on the ignition directly or through a firing pin.
Direct link to this termHandguard
Cover around the forward firearm section providing a gripping area and protection.
Direct link to this termHandling
Working with a firearm in accordance with applicable safety rules.
Direct link to this termHarvest plan
Administrative or management framework governing removal of animals from a wildlife population.
Direct link to this termHazard assessment
Systematic identification and assessment of hazards associated with an activity or environment.
Direct link to this termHeadquarters staff
Organisation supporting command through planning, information processing and coordination.
Direct link to this termHeadspace
Distance from the closed breech face to the chamber reference surface against which the cartridge case seats.
Direct link to this termHearing protection
Equipment that reduces exposure to gunshot noise.
Direct link to this termHit factor
Scoring ratio of points earned to time taken in certain dynamic disciplines.
Direct link to this termHollow-point bullet
Bullet with a cavity in its tip; different designs serve different purposes.
Direct link to this termHolographic sight
Sight displaying a holographically generated aiming mark within its viewing window.
Direct link to this termHolster
Device used to carry a handgun.
Direct link to this termHunting area
Defined area in which hunting rights and practice are governed by the applicable law.
Direct link to this termHunting dog
Dog trained for specified hunting duties.
Direct link to this termHunting ethics
Consideration of responsibility, animal welfare and acceptable conduct in hunting.
Direct link to this termHunting marksmanship
Safe, responsible handling of hunting firearms and regularly assessed shooting proficiency.
Direct link to this termHunting qualification examination
Assessment of hunting knowledge and skills under the competent jurisdiction's requirements.
Direct link to this termIDPA
International Defensive Pistol Association, a sporting organisation with its own competition rules.
Direct link to this termImage intensifier
Technology amplifying weak available light for observation.
Direct link to this termInclination angle
Angle of a line of fire above or below the horizontal.
Direct link to this termInfantry
Military branch whose core tasks are primarily carried out by dismounted personnel.
Direct link to this termInformation evaluation
Assessment of an item's origin, reliability and relevance.
Direct link to this termInstructor
Person guiding the course and its safe conduct.
Direct link to this termInterchangeable choke
Replaceable choke insert for a compatible shotgun.
Direct link to this termInternal ballistics
Describes events from ignition until the projectile leaves the barrel.
Direct link to this termInternational humanitarian law
Body of law limiting the effects of armed conflict and protecting affected persons.
Direct link to this termInteroperability
Ability of different organisations and systems to work together effectively.
Direct link to this termIPSC
International Practical Shooting Confederation, governing rule-based practical shooting.
Direct link to this termISSF
International Shooting Sport Federation, governing Olympic and other shooting disciplines internationally.
Direct link to this termKeyMod
Accessory interface using keyhole-shaped openings.
Direct link to this termKneeling position
Shooting position using a kneeling posture under the applicable sporting rules.
Direct link to this termLands and grooves
Raised and recessed areas in a rifled bore that impart projectile spin.
Direct link to this termLaser
Light source; the legal classification of aiming devices requires separate assessment.
Direct link to this termLearning objective
Specific skill or understanding intended to be achieved by the end of a training unit.
Direct link to this termLease-based hunting system
Hunting-management model based on defined hunting areas and associated rights of use.
Direct link to this termLength of pull
Distance between the trigger and the rear shoulder-contact surface of the stock.
Direct link to this termLessons learned
Improvements to processes or training derived from experience and put into demonstrable practice.
Direct link to this termLicence-based hunting system
Hunting model allowing qualified people to hunt under a government-issued licence and specified conditions.
Direct link to this termLive fire
Training or practice with live ammunition at a suitable facility.
Direct link to this termLoading
Making a firearm ready with ammunition; in a course, only on instruction.
Direct link to this termLocking lugs
Projections that engage matching surfaces to lock a bolt.
Direct link to this termLogistics
Planning and provision of materiel, transport, supplies and maintenance.
Direct link to this termLong firearm
Portable firearm operated by one person; the German term also includes rifles and is broader than English “handgun”.
Direct link to this termLong gun
General term for rifles and shotguns.
Direct link to this termLong range
Shooting at extended distances where trajectory, wind and environmental conditions become especially important.
Direct link to this termLower receiver
Lower section of a split receiver containing the trigger and other controls.
Direct link to this termLow light
Term for training or observation under low ambient illumination.
Direct link to this termLPVO
Short for Low Power Variable Optic, a scope with variable low magnification.
Direct link to this termM-LOK
Mounting interface using elongated slots for compatible accessories.
Direct link to this termM1 Garand
Historical US self-loading rifle using an eight-round en-bloc clip system.
Direct link to this termMachine gun
Automatic firearm designed to accommodate extended or repeated firing sequences.
Direct link to this termMach number
Ratio of an object's speed to the local speed of sound.
Direct link to this termMagazine
Container from which cartridges can be fed into a firearm.
Direct link to this termMagazine catch
Latch retaining an inserted magazine in position.
Direct link to this termMagazine floorplate
Bottom closure of a magazine, with construction varying by model.
Direct link to this termMagazine follower
Moving platform lifting cartridges towards the feeding position inside a magazine.
Direct link to this termMagazine spring
Spring moving the magazine follower against the cartridges.
Direct link to this termMagazine well
Opening in the receiver or frame accepting a detachable magazine.
Direct link to this termMagnification
Factor by which an optic makes an object appear larger than unaided viewing.
Direct link to this termMagnifier
Additional magnifying optic used with a compatible sight.
Direct link to this termMainspring
Spring supplying energy to the hammer or striker.
Direct link to this termMaintenance
Care and inspection according to manufacturer and safety guidelines.
Direct link to this termManually operated firearm
Firearm whose next cartridge is fed by a manual action.
Direct link to this termMatchlock
Early ignition mechanism bringing a smouldering match cord to the priming area.
Direct link to this termMatch shooting
Competition-oriented shooting under defined discipline and equipment rules.
Direct link to this termMean point of impact
Average position of a group of impacts.
Direct link to this termMedical corps
Military branch responsible for healthcare, patient support and related logistics.
Direct link to this termMeplat
Small flat area at the very tip of a bullet.
Direct link to this termMilitary appointment
Specific duty or position of responsibility within an organisation.
Direct link to this termMilitary engineers
Swiss term for troops carrying out engineering, construction and related technical tasks.
Direct link to this termMilitary police
Military organisation carrying out policing duties within its legal jurisdiction.
Direct link to this termMilitary rank
Formal position within a military rank structure, distinct from a specific appointment.
Direct link to this termMilitary sniper
Military role with specialised observation and precision-shooting training, not synonymous with every long-range sport shooter.
Direct link to this termMilitary training area
Designated area for military training under specified usage and safety rules.
Direct link to this termMilitia system
Organisational model relying substantially on citizens undertaking military duties periodically.
Direct link to this termMirage
Optical shimmer caused by air layers at different temperatures, affecting observation and sight picture.
Direct link to this termMiss
Scoring term for a missing hit or one outside the required scoring area.
Direct link to this termMission command
Leadership principle providing clear intent and appropriate freedom in execution.
Direct link to this termMOA (minute of angle)
Angular unit equal to one sixtieth of a degree, commonly used for sight adjustments and group size.
Direct link to this termMobilisation
Organised transition of personnel and resources to increased military readiness.
Direct link to this termMonolithic bullet
Bullet whose main body consists of a single material rather than a separate core and jacket.
Direct link to this termMount height
Height of an optic above its mounting base; reference points vary by manufacturer.
Direct link to this termMRAD (milliradian)
Angular unit equal to one thousandth of a radian, also called MIL but not identical to every military angular system.
Direct link to this termMusket
Historical long firearm, usually smoothbore and intended for military use.
Direct link to this termMuzzle
Front end of the barrel; its direction is essential to safety.
Direct link to this termMuzzle brake
Device redirecting escaping gases to influence recoil.
Direct link to this termMuzzleloader
Historical firearm configuration loaded from the muzzle.
Direct link to this termMuzzle thread
Thread at the barrel end for fitting compatible attachments.
Direct link to this termMuzzle velocity
Projectile speed at the muzzle, often denoted V0.
Direct link to this termNATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a political-military alliance founded on the North Atlantic Treaty.
Direct link to this termNavy
Armed service responsible for military tasks at sea and in the maritime environment.
Direct link to this termNight-vision device
Device for observation in low light; technology and legal classification depend on construction.
Direct link to this termNo-shoot target
Marked target or target area that must not be hit in the relevant competition.
Direct link to this termNon-commissioned officer (NCO)
Military leader within the rank group between enlisted personnel and commissioned officers.
Direct link to this termNotification requirement
Duty to notify the competent authority of certain acquisitions.
Direct link to this termNRR rating
US hearing-protection rating that cannot be directly equated with SNR without qualification.
Direct link to this termNutation
Small periodic oscillation of a spinning projectile's axis.
Direct link to this termObjective diameter
Diameter of an optic's front light-gathering opening, usually expressed in millimetres.
Direct link to this termObservation
Deliberate noticing of people, objects or changes without premature interpretation.
Direct link to this termOgive
Curved forward bullet section between its full diameter and tip.
Direct link to this termOODA loop
Model of Observe, Orient, Decide and Act describing a recurring decision process.
Direct link to this termOperational command
Planning and coordination of related military activities at the operational level.
Direct link to this termOptic
General term for an optical sighting device.
Direct link to this termOver-and-under combination gun
Combination hunting firearm with one rifled and one smooth barrel arranged vertically.
Direct link to this termOver-and-under shotgun
Shotgun with two barrels arranged vertically.
Direct link to this termPACE plan
Planning model for Primary, Alternate, Contingency and Emergency, often used for communications availability.
Direct link to this termParallax
Apparent movement between reticle and target as eye position changes when their image planes do not coincide.
Direct link to this termParallax adjustment
Optical adjustment aligning the target image plane with the reticle plane for a given distance.
Direct link to this termPassive hearing protection
Hearing protection attenuating noise through its materials and construction.
Direct link to this termPattern density
Distribution and density of pellet impacts on a test surface.
Direct link to this termPeace support
Activities supporting peace and stability under a defined mandate.
Direct link to this termPenalty
Rule-defined sanction for a specified violation or error in competition.
Direct link to this termPercussion lock
Historical ignition mechanism using an impact to ignite a percussion cap.
Direct link to this termPermit requirement
Legal requirement to obtain authorisation before certain acquisitions.
Direct link to this termPhonetic alphabet
Agreed words representing letters to improve clarity during transmission.
Direct link to this termPicatinny rail
Standardised mounting interface with transverse slots for compatible accessories.
Direct link to this termPistol
Handgun that typically uses a magazine.
Direct link to this termPlatoon
Military subdivision generally comprising several squads or sections.
Direct link to this termPoint-of-impact shift
Change in average impact location, for example after changing ammunition or equipment.
Direct link to this termPoint of aim
Location in the target image at which the sight is deliberately directed.
Direct link to this termPolygonal rifling
Barrel with a broadly polygonal internal profile rather than sharply defined lands and grooves.
Direct link to this termPower factor
Sporting ammunition parameter based on projectile mass and velocity under the relevant rules.
Direct link to this termPrecession
Circling movement of a projectile's spin axis around its average orientation.
Direct link to this termPrecision
Measure of how closely a series of shots groups.
Direct link to this termPrimer
Cartridge ignition component that initiates combustion of the propellant.
Direct link to this termPrismatic sight
Compact optic using a prism system, often with fixed magnification and an etched reticle.
Direct link to this termProjectile
Object that leaves the barrel when a shot is fired.
Direct link to this termProjectile energy
Kinetic energy of a projectile, determined by its mass and speed.
Direct link to this termProjectile form factor
Parameter comparing a projectile shape's drag with that of a reference projectile.
Direct link to this termProne position
Shooting position in a prone posture, commonly used in rifle disciplines.
Direct link to this termProof mark
Official mark indicating completed testing, with meaning and scope depending on the proof system.
Direct link to this termProof of identity
Official document used to verify a person during an administrative procedure.
Direct link to this termProof testing
Required technical testing of certain firearms under the applicable proof regulations.
Direct link to this termProportionality
Principle requiring measures to be appropriate to their purpose and legal context.
Direct link to this termPRS
Precision Rifle Series, a competition format involving precision rifles and varied sporting tasks.
Direct link to this termPTT
Push to Talk, control activating voice transmission on a radio.
Direct link to this termRadio channel
Defined transmission allocation or logical communication path in a radio system.
Direct link to this termRadio discipline
Agreed rules for clear, purposeful radio communication with minimal interference.
Direct link to this termRaised hunting stand
Elevated structure for hunting observation and approved associated use.
Direct link to this termRangefinder
Device measuring the distance to an object.
Direct link to this termRange officer
Person responsible for orderly conduct on the range.
Direct link to this termReadback
Repetition of key message content to confirm correct reception.
Direct link to this termReadiness
Extent to which personnel and resources are available and prepared for an assigned task.
Direct link to this termReceiver
Structural housing containing major parts of the action.
Direct link to this termRecoil-operated firearm
Self-loading system using the recoil movement of components to operate the mechanism.
Direct link to this termRecoil spring
Spring returning a moving action assembly forwards.
Direct link to this termReconnaissance troops
Troops primarily responsible for gathering and reporting information to commanders.
Direct link to this termRecruit
Person undergoing initial military training.
Direct link to this termRed-dot sight
Sight using an illuminated dot as its aiming mark, usually without magnification.
Direct link to this termReflex sight
Sight displaying an aiming mark through a reflective optical surface.
Direct link to this termRegiment
Military formation designation whose structure and significance vary substantially by country.
Direct link to this termRelative humidity
Ratio of water-vapour content to the maximum possible at the current temperature.
Direct link to this termRepeatability
Ability to achieve similar results again under comparable conditions.
Direct link to this termReservist
Person belonging to a military reserve, with status and obligations varying by country.
Direct link to this termRetention holster
Holster with an additional retention mechanism securing the firearm it holds.
Direct link to this termReticle
Markings in a sight that help orient the viewer within the field of view.
Direct link to this termReticle illumination
Lighting of some or all reticle elements to improve visibility.
Direct link to this termReticle subtension
Angular size of a reticle element and the corresponding coverage at a given distance.
Direct link to this termRevolver
Handgun with a rotating cylinder.
Direct link to this termRifle
General term for a long firearm with a rifled barrel.
Direct link to this termRifle sling
Strap for carrying a long firearm, also an approved position aid in some disciplines.
Direct link to this termRimfire cartridge
Cartridge with priming compound located inside the case rim.
Direct link to this termRimless cartridge
Cartridge whose base rim is approximately the same diameter as the case body.
Direct link to this termRimmed cartridge
Cartridge with a base rim projecting beyond the case body.
Direct link to this termRisk analysis
Examination of potential hazards in terms of likelihood and consequences.
Direct link to this termRisk management
Ongoing process of identifying, evaluating and appropriately addressing risks.
Direct link to this termRole allocation
Clear allocation of duties and responsibilities within a team.
Direct link to this termRoller-delayed blowback
System using rollers to mechanically delay breech movement, not necessarily a rigid locking arrangement.
Direct link to this termRotating bolt
Bolt locking by rotating its head to engage locking elements.
Direct link to this termRules of engagement (ROE)
Directions governing permitted conduct and use of force during a particular military mission.
Direct link to this termRut
Mating season of certain game species involving characteristic behaviour.
Direct link to this termSAAMI
US industry organisation publishing voluntary technical standards for sporting firearms and ammunition.
Direct link to this termSafety
Top priority in training, transport and firearm handling.
Direct link to this termSafety rules
Binding conduct rules of the course and the facility.
Direct link to this termScenario training
Training format representing a defined situation with roles and clear learning objectives.
Direct link to this termScope ring
Ring-shaped mount securing a telescopic sight.
Direct link to this termScored series
Sequence of shots whose results count towards the competition score.
Direct link to this termScoring gauge
Measuring aid used to judge a bullet hole on a paper target under scoring rules.
Direct link to this termSear
Part that retains a cocked ignition mechanism until intended release.
Direct link to this termSecond focal plane (SFP)
Reticle placement with constant apparent reticle size; angular subtensions change with magnification.
Direct link to this termSectional density
Ratio of projectile mass to the square of its diameter, used as a ballistic parameter.
Direct link to this termSelf-loading pistol
Pistol whose mechanism automatically feeds the next cartridge after a shot.
Direct link to this termSelf loading rifle
Rifle whose mechanism reloads automatically after a shot.
Direct link to this termSelf protection
Steps to protect your own health while training or handling firearms.
Direct link to this termSemi-automatic firearm
Self-loading firearm requiring a separate trigger operation for each shot.
Direct link to this termSemi-wadcutter
Bullet with a stepped shoulder and a smaller flat nose.
Direct link to this termSerial number
Individual marking used to identify and trace an item.
Direct link to this termService-issue firearm
Firearm officially adopted under military specifications; the term alone does not determine acquisition permissions.
Direct link to this termService regulation
Binding internal regulation governing duties, conduct or procedures.
Direct link to this termShooting bag
Shapeable support bag used to support a firearm in sporting practice.
Direct link to this termShooting facility
Approved venue with established safety rules.
Direct link to this termShooting glasses
Eye protection against particles and other range hazards.
Direct link to this termShooting glove
Hand protection and permitted support aid in certain shooting disciplines.
Direct link to this termShooting jacket
Sporting garment providing regulated support in certain precision disciplines.
Direct link to this termShooting mat
Mat for prone shooting and protection from ground moisture or rough surfaces.
Direct link to this termShooting position
A person's posture and position during target shooting.
Direct link to this termShooting range
Defined area of a shooting facility where firing takes place.
Direct link to this termShot
Multiple small projectiles found in some shotgun ammunition.
Direct link to this termShot count
Number of shots prescribed in a programme or actually fired.
Direct link to this termShot dispersion
Distribution of several impacts on a target.
Direct link to this termShot group
Visible distribution of impacts on a target.
Direct link to this termShot grouping
Related impacts from a shot series used to assess their distribution.
Direct link to this termShotgun
Long firearm typically chambered for shotshells.
Direct link to this termShotgun slug
Single projectile for compatible shotshells, unlike a load of multiple shot pellets.
Direct link to this termShot pattern
Spatial distribution of pellets from a shotshell load.
Direct link to this termShot timer
Device recording shot times and intervals during sporting practice.
Direct link to this termSide-by-side shotgun
Shotgun with two barrels arranged side by side.
Direct link to this termSight
Device used to align a firearm towards a target.
Direct link to this termSighting shot
Shot checking impact location or conditions before a scored series.
Direct link to this termSight line
Imaginary line through the aligned elements of a sighting system.
Direct link to this termSight picture
Combined view of the sight and target as seen by the shooter.
Direct link to this termSignature
Detectable characteristic of a person or system, such as a visual, acoustic or thermal feature.
Direct link to this termSingle-shot firearm
Firearm that must be loaded individually before each shot.
Direct link to this termSingle-stage trigger
Trigger without a deliberately distinct first stage before release.
Direct link to this termSingle action (SA)
Trigger principle in which trigger operation releases an already cocked mechanism.
Direct link to this termSituational awareness
Awareness of the surroundings, relevant changes and their significance for the task.
Direct link to this termSituation assessment
Structured evaluation of information, uncertainties and the need for action.
Direct link to this termSituation picture
Consolidated representation of available information about a current situation.
Direct link to this termSkeet
Shotgun discipline using clay targets from two houses and specified shooting stations.
Direct link to this termSlide
Moving upper assembly of many self-loading pistols that also closes the breech.
Direct link to this termSlide stop
Component that holds the slide of certain pistols open.
Direct link to this termSmall military team
Small military grouping whose size and purpose depend on the organisation.
Direct link to this termSnap cap
Inert accessory protecting certain mechanisms during manufacturer-approved dry practice.
Direct link to this termSNR rating
Rating of hearing-protection attenuation under defined test conditions.
Direct link to this termSoft-point bullet
Bullet with an exposed soft tip, whose behaviour depends on design and velocity.
Direct link to this termSOP
Standard Operating Procedure, an agreed standard process for recurring tasks.
Direct link to this termSpecial operations forces
Military forces specially selected, trained and equipped for specialised tasks.
Direct link to this termSpin drift
Lateral trajectory deviation associated with projectile spin and aerodynamic characteristics.
Direct link to this termSplit time
Time interval between two consecutive shots in a timed series.
Direct link to this termSporting clays
Shotgun sport featuring varied clay-target flight paths around a course.
Direct link to this termSporting firearm
Colloquial term for a firearm used in shooting sports.
Direct link to this termSpotter
Observer who records or communicates conditions and impacts during sporting shooting.
Direct link to this termSpotting scope
High-magnification observation telescope commonly used on a tripod.
Direct link to this termSquad or section
Small military subdivision typically comprising several personnel or teams.
Direct link to this termSSV
Swiss Shooting Sport Federation, the umbrella organisation for organised shooting sport in Switzerland.
Direct link to this termStage
Individual competition section with its own task description and scoring.
Direct link to this termStage briefing
Official description of a competition stage, including procedure and safety requirements.
Direct link to this termStalking
Hunting method involving slow movement through terrain and attentive observation.
Direct link to this termSTANAG
NATO Standardization Agreement establishing shared standards among participating nations.
Direct link to this termStandard deviation (SD)
Statistical measure of variation, for example in measured muzzle velocities within a shot series.
Direct link to this termStand hunting
Hunting method involving observation of game from a designated position.
Direct link to this termStanding position
Standing shooting position; permitted aids depend on the discipline.
Direct link to this termStation pressure
Actual pressure measured at a location without correction to sea level.
Direct link to this termStrategy
High-level alignment of objectives, available means and long-term approaches.
Direct link to this termStress response
Physical and psychological response to perceived demands or pressure.
Direct link to this termStriker
Spring-loaded ignition component that moves in a straight line.
Direct link to this termStripper clip
Holder for multiple cartridges to support feeding; distinct from a magazine and an en-bloc clip.
Direct link to this termSturmgewehr 57
Historical Swiss service rifle of the SIG 510 family, also encountered in Swiss shooting sport.
Direct link to this termSturmgewehr 90
Swiss service rifle of the SIG 550 family, with distinct military and civilian variants.
Direct link to this termSubmachine gun
Compact automatic firearm typically chambered for handgun ammunition.
Direct link to this termSubsonic regime
Speed regime below the local speed of sound.
Direct link to this termSupersonic regime
Speed regime above the local speed of sound.
Direct link to this termSupported shooting
Sporting discipline or practice format using an approved firearm support.
Direct link to this termSupporting document
Document showing that a statutory requirement is met.
Direct link to this termSwiss field shooting
Traditional Swiss mass-participation shooting event with specified courses of fire.
Direct link to this termSwiss mandatory shooting programme
Swiss shooting programme associated with military obligations, governed by the applicable requirements.
Direct link to this termSwiss young shooters course
Regulated Swiss training for young people in safe and sporting rifle shooting.
Direct link to this termTactics
Planning and coordinating actions within the intended training framework.
Direct link to this termTarget
Marked surface used to observe shot placement.
Direct link to this termTeamwork
Cooperation based on mutual support, clear agreements and a shared objective.
Direct link to this termTelescopic sight
Optical sight combining a magnified image with a reticle.
Direct link to this termTelescoping stock
Stock whose length changes through sliding sections.
Direct link to this termTerminal ballistics
Studies projectile behaviour when it impacts a material.
Direct link to this termTerritorial forces
Forces with regional responsibilities such as support, protection or coordination with civilian authorities.
Direct link to this termThermal imager
Device displaying differences in thermal radiation as an image.
Direct link to this termThree-position shooting
Rifle competition using kneeling, prone and standing positions under the applicable rules.
Direct link to this termTime limit
Maximum permitted duration of an exercise or competition phase.
Direct link to this termTime of flight
Time between muzzle exit and reaching a specified distance.
Direct link to this termTopographic map
Map representing terrain shapes, water features, routes and other spatial characteristics.
Direct link to this termTraining journal
Personal record of exercises, results, feedback and learning progress.
Direct link to this termTrajectory
Path of a projectile under gravity, aerodynamic drag and other influences.
Direct link to this termTransitional ballistics
Examines the brief muzzle-exit phase during which escaping gases affect projectile flight.
Direct link to this termTransonic regime
Speed regime near the speed of sound where airflow and projectile stability may change.
Direct link to this termTransport
Moving a firearm between places under the applicable rules.
Direct link to this termTrap
Shotgun discipline using clay targets launched away from a trap facility ahead of the shooter.
Direct link to this termTrigger
Control that releases a shot.
Direct link to this termTrigger assembly
Assembly of parts that operate together as the trigger system.
Direct link to this termTrigger bar
Transfers trigger movement through the trigger mechanism.
Direct link to this termTrigger blade
Part of the trigger contacted by the finger.
Direct link to this termTrigger guard
Guard around the trigger that helps prevent unintended contact.
Direct link to this termTrigger overtravel
Further trigger movement after the mechanism releases.
Direct link to this termTrigger pull weight
Force needed to operate the trigger.
Direct link to this termTrigger reset
Return of the trigger mechanism to a position allowing another operation.
Direct link to this termTrigger take-up
Trigger movement before reaching the resistance associated with release.
Direct link to this termTripod
Three-legged stand supporting observation devices or suitable equipment.
Direct link to this termTubular magazine
Magazine storing cartridges in a row inside a tube.
Direct link to this termTunnel vision
Narrowing of attention to part of a situation while overlooking other information.
Direct link to this termTwist rate
Distance over which rifling makes one complete turn around the bore axis.
Direct link to this termTwo-stage trigger
Trigger with initial travel followed by a distinct resistance stage.
Direct link to this termUnloading
Changing a firearm to an unloaded state; checks follow the facility's rules.
Direct link to this termUpper receiver
Upper section of a split receiver, typically supporting the barrel and bolt.
Direct link to this termVCQB
Vehicle Close Quarters Battle, specialised training concerning vehicles.
Direct link to this termWadcutter
Bullet with a broad flat nose that produces clearly defined holes in paper targets.
Direct link to this termWalkthrough
Regulated familiarisation walk before a competition stage, without firing.
Direct link to this termWeaver rail
Earlier mounting-rail system whose dimensions and compatibility are not identical to every Picatinny mount.
Direct link to this termWheel lock
Historical ignition mechanism producing sparks with a spring-driven friction wheel.
Direct link to this termWildlife food plot
Managed plot supporting wildlife nutrition and habitat provision.
Direct link to this termWildlife management
Professional planning and stewardship of wildlife populations and their habitats.
Direct link to this termWildlife stewardship
Hunting term for maintaining wildlife populations and improving their living conditions.
Direct link to this termWindage turret
Scope control adjusting the reticle horizontally.
Direct link to this termWind drift
Lateral trajectory change caused by wind, depending partly on flight time and projectile characteristics.
Direct link to this termWounded-game tracking
Skilled search for wounded game, often assisted by specially trained dogs.
Direct link to this termYaw
Angle between a projectile's longitudinal axis and its instantaneous flight direction.
Direct link to this termZero setting
Reference sight setting for a specified point of impact and distance.
Direct link to this termZero stop
Mechanical stop helping a turret return to a preset zero position.
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Technical references & further reading
The explanations are written in our own words. Detail views link relevant specialist resources for further reading. These additional references and book suggestions distinguish publisher information and previews.
- SAAMI · Technical glossary
- C.I.P. · Firearm proof and ammunition testing
- SSV · Rules and glossary
- Bundeswehr · Military glossary
- NATO · Interoperability
- JagdSchweiz · Hunting code
- swisstopo · Maps and terrain
- DK · Firearms: An Illustrated History · Publisher information
- Parey Jagdausbildung · Preview
- Applied Ballistics · Technical articles and ballistics book information